Earth systems
Atmosphere
The Earth's atmosphere is made up of several different layers, which are (in descending order) the Ionosphere, Mesosphere, Stratoshpere, Ozone Layer, Tropopause, and Troposphere. The Ozone Layer is in the Stratosphere, and has a lot to do with carbon emissions and the greenhouse effect. The atmosphere is also surprisingly not comprised of a majority of oxygen. Instead, it is 78% Nitrogen, 21% Oxygen, and then 1% other gases. All of Earth's weather occurs in the atmosphere, and it plays a vital part in protecting and supporting life. It traps gasses necessary for life, and shields us from what lies beyond.
Hydrosphere
The hydrosphere is comprised of all water on the earth. It ranges from the groundwater inside the Earth to the rainclouds and water particles above the Earth. 97% of all of the water on Earth can be found in the oceans, and only 3% is freshwater. Most of that 3% is frozen in glaciers and ice caps, inaccessible to humans. Less than 1% is actually available for us to use and drink. Another feature of the hydrosphere is the water cycle, which regulates and circulates water throughout the Earth.
Lithosphere
The lithosphere is the most defined of all of the Earth Systems. They all overlap at least a little bit, but the lithosphere is the most shapely, containing the Earth's outlined crust. The lithosphere contains the Earth's tectonic plates, which are plates of the Earth's crust that "float" on the somewhat liquid mantle and interact with each other. They cause earthquakes, volcanoes and the formations of new mountains and land. There is also continental crust and oceanic crust. Continental crust is comprised mostly of granite, whereas oceanic crust is composed of basalt.
Biosphere
The biosphere is where humans and other life forms reside. It consists of all living organisms on the entire Earth. The biosphere experiences the most overlap with other Earth Systems, because there is life in water, in the air, and even underground. It can extend kilometers above and below Earth. The biosphere is organized into hierarchies known as food chains, through which all energy flows. Every living organism on Earth receives it's energy from the Sun. The biosphere is also unique because life on Earth is the only known life in the entire universe.
Interdependent Systems
All of the Earth Systems rely on each other and are impacted by the occurrences in the other spheres. One example of this would be if a gamma ray burst were to strike Earth. Gamma radiation is extremely powerful, especially when concentrated in a single burst. It would immediately rip a hole in the atmosphere, destroying almost a quarter of it. With a gaping hole in the atmosphere, gases would be free to move in and out of Earth, and the Sun's radiation would be interacting with the Earth directly. This would cause mass evaporation of water in the hydrosphere, and would lead to mass hunger and extinction in the biosphere. The incoming radiation would also affect the land of the lithosphere, because with water evaporating off of it and with most life exterminated it would move differently and the composition of the materials would change.